Exhibit Library | Network, Not Protocol

The Exhibit Library of marknichols.com gives every document that the pages of the record cite a standing library number, and records for each document its author, its date, its address, the state of the record's reading of it and the pages of marknichols.com that cite it, so that every citation on the record can be traced to the document that carries it.

Preamble: Mark Nichols, co-founder and chief architect of Digital Island, keeps this library as the catalog of the documents on which the pages of marknichols.com rest. Each entry carries a library number that does not change, written as L-001, and a page of marknichols.com may cite a document by that number, as Library L-009. The library lists dated documents in the order of their dates and then the undated web pages in the order in which the record read them, and it begins with the documents that Internet Society Brief History of the Internet: Disagreements | Network, Not Protocol, Disagreement 6, ACM Turing Award Vinton G. Cerf: Disagreements | Network, Not Protocol, Disagreement 16, Computer History Museum Robert Kahn: Disagreements | Network, Not Protocol, Disagreement 90, ETHW Robert Kahn Oral History: Disagreements | Network, Not Protocol, Disagreement 91, ACM Turing Award Robert E. Kahn: Disagreements | Network, Not Protocol, Disagreement 92 and Ask the White House Cerf and Kahn 2005: Disagreements | Network, Not Protocol, Disagreement 93 cite.

Opinion Rules: You are visiting my record, and I am the subject matter expert on it. If you are a subject matter expert too, I want to hear from you: bring your document and I will answer it on the record. If you are not, you are welcome here to read and to learn. The documented-challenge terms of marknichols.com and the condition on opinion are stated at F40 of The Governing Definitions and Controlling Facts of Telecommunications Internetworking, and they govern this page.

0.0 This section records how the library numbers its documents, what each entry carries, and how the record's reading of each document is stated.

0.1 Each document receives the next library number when it first enters the library, and the number stays with the document even when later documents are entered before it in the order of dates.

0.2 Each entry names the document by its title, its author and its date, gives the address at which the document is published, states the record's reading of the document, and names the pages of marknichols.com that cite it with the locus of each citation. Where the author, the date or the address is not on this record, the entry says so.

0.3 The reading of each document is stated in one of four ways: the record read the document in full on a named date; Mark Nichols supplied the document and the record read it in full; the record carries the document from the first build of a named page and has not read it again; or the record holds the document as another named page records it.

0.4 The library links each document at the address where it is published. Where a copy of a document is hosted on marknichols.com, the entry names the copy and its address beside the address of publication.

1.0 The dated documents of the library are listed in the order of their dates.

1.1 L-001. The paper “The interface message processor for the ARPA computer network” by F. E. Heart, R. E. Kahn, S. Ornstein, W. Crowther and D. Walden was published in the Proceedings of the Spring Joint Computer Conference of 1970, AFIPS Conference Proceedings, volume 36, at pages 551 to 567. The address of a copy is not on this record. The record holds the paper's title, authors, volume and pages as section 2.0 of Disagreement 90 records them. It is cited by Computer History Museum Robert Kahn: Disagreements | Network, Not Protocol, Disagreement 90, at section 2.0; and ETHW Robert Kahn Oral History: Disagreements | Network, Not Protocol, Disagreement 91, at 3.3.

1.2 L-002. The paper “Resource-Sharing Computer Networks” by Robert E. Kahn was published in the Proceedings of the IEEE, volume 60, number 11, November 1972, at pages 1397 to 1407, with the author's note “Manuscript received June 7, 1972; revised August 1, 1972.” The full address of the copy held by Carleton University, file kahn1972-resource.pdf, is not on this record. The record read the paper in the Carleton University copy for section 11.0 of Disagreement 6, quoting its text layer, which is a machine reading of a scan. It is cited by Internet Society Brief History of the Internet: Disagreements | Network, Not Protocol, Disagreement 6, at 11.5; and ETHW Robert Kahn Oral History: Disagreements | Network, Not Protocol, Disagreement 91, at 4.3.

1.3 L-003. The Compendium of Satellite Communications Programs of NASA was published in June 1973, and its Table 10-1, on printed page 10-2, PDF page 216, lists Intelsat I. The document is published at https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19730022102/downloads/19730022102.pdf#page=216. The record carries the dates of Table 10-1 from the first build of Disagreement 16, and on November 14, 2026 the record found that the document's 483 pages are scanned images without a text layer that the record could read. It is cited by ACM Turing Award Vinton G. Cerf: Disagreements | Network, Not Protocol, Disagreement 16, at 4.3; and ACM Turing Award Robert E. Kahn: Disagreements | Network, Not Protocol, Disagreement 92, at 4.2.

1.4 L-004. The paper “A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication” by Vinton G. Cerf and Robert E. Kahn was published in IEEE Transactions on Communications in May 1974. A copy is published at https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~prabal/teaching/eecs582-w12/readings/CK74.pdf. The record cites the copy at Berkeley for the paper's affiliation of Vinton G. Cerf at Stanford University. It is cited by ACM Turing Award Vinton G. Cerf: Disagreements | Network, Not Protocol, Disagreement 16, at 1.4 and 5.3; ACM Turing Award Robert E. Kahn: Disagreements | Network, Not Protocol, Disagreement 92, at 1.5; and Disagreements of Published Claims | Network, Not Protocol, at unit 6.3.

1.5 L-005. RFC 675, by Vinton Cerf, Yogen Dalal and Carl Sunshine, is dated December 1974. The document is published at https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc675.html. The record cites RFC 675 by its authors and date, and the library has not read it again. It is cited by Disagreements of Published Claims | Network, Not Protocol, at unit 6.3.

1.6 L-006. IEN 2, by Jon Postel, is dated August 15, 1977 and proposes “a new distinct internetwork protocol” separated from the Transmission Control Program. The document is published at https://history.rfc-editor.org/ien/ien2.txt. The record holds the proposal as Wikipedia Defines the Internet Protocol: Disagreements | Network, Not Protocol records it. It is cited by Wikipedia Defines the Internet Protocol: Disagreements | Network, Not Protocol; ACM Turing Award Vinton G. Cerf: Disagreements | Network, Not Protocol, Disagreement 16, at 10.0; and ACM Turing Award Robert E. Kahn: Disagreements | Network, Not Protocol, Disagreement 92, at 5.0.

1.7 L-007. RFC 791, by Jon Postel, is dated September 1981. The document is published at https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc791.html. The record carries RFC 791 from the first build of Disagreement 16, and the library has not read it again. It is cited by ACM Turing Award Vinton G. Cerf: Disagreements | Network, Not Protocol, Disagreement 16, at 11.4; and ACM Turing Award Robert E. Kahn: Disagreements | Network, Not Protocol, Disagreement 92, at 5.4.

1.8 L-008. RFC 793, by Jon Postel, is dated September 1981, and its Section 2.2 says that the datagram “is embedded in a local network packet” to cross the local network. The document is published at https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc793.html. The record quotes Section 2.2 as F50.9 of The Governing Definitions and Controlling Facts of Telecommunications Internetworking quotes it. It is cited by Internet Society Brief History of the Internet: Disagreements | Network, Not Protocol, Disagreement 6, at 11.10; and ACM Turing Award Vinton G. Cerf: Disagreements | Network, Not Protocol, Disagreement 16, at 11.4.

1.9 L-009. RFC 829, “Packet Satellite Technology Reference Sources”, by Vinton G. Cerf of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, is dated November 1982 and records that the Atlantic Packet Satellite experiment was carried out “Using an INTELSAT-IV satellite”. The document is published at https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc829.txt. The record read RFC 829 in full on November 14, 2026. It is cited by ACM Turing Award Vinton G. Cerf: Disagreements | Network, Not Protocol, Disagreement 16, at 4.0.

1.10 L-010. RFC 1122, by Robert Braden, is dated October 1989. The document is published at https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1122.html. The record carries RFC 1122 from the first build of Disagreement 16, and the library has not read it again. It is cited by ACM Turing Award Vinton G. Cerf: Disagreements | Network, Not Protocol, Disagreement 16, at 11.4.

1.11 L-011. The announcement headed “General Atomics, Performance Systems International and UUNET Technologies, Inc. Establish the First Commercial Internet Exchange (CIX)” is dated March 25, 1991, and William Schrader posted it to the com-priv list on that date. The document is preserved on marknichols.com at https://marknichols.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/cix-announcement-1991-03-25.txt, from message 441 of the com-priv archive at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, https://diswww.mit.edu/menelaus/com-priv/441, and the library read the preserved copy in full on November 14, 2026. The record cites the announcement as the birth of the Internet of D1, as unit 6.3 of the standing index records. It is cited by Disagreements of Published Claims | Network, Not Protocol, at unit 6.3; ACM Turing Award Vinton G. Cerf: Disagreements | Network, Not Protocol, Disagreement 16, at 9.2; The Governing Definitions and Controlling Facts of Telecommunications Internetworking, at F52; and What the Internet Is, and What It Is Not | Network, Not Protocol, at 4.1 and 4.3.

1.12 L-012. The interim meeting minutes of the Internet Activities Board are dated November 19, 1991. The document is published at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/minutes-interim-1991-iab-04-19911119/. The record carries the minutes from the first build of Disagreement 16, and the library has not read them again. It is cited by ACM Turing Award Vinton G. Cerf: Disagreements | Network, Not Protocol, Disagreement 16, at 8.3.

1.13 L-029. Public Law 102-194, the High-Performance Computing Act of 1991, enacted from the bill S. 272, was approved on December 9, 1991 and is printed at 105 Stat. 1594 through 1604. The document is published by the Government Publishing Office at https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-105/pdf/STATUTE-105-Pg1594.pdf, and the library read its eleven pages in full on November 14, 2026 in the text layer of the scanned volume. The record reads it as the act that established a National Research and Education Network for researchers, educators and students and directed a study of the technological feasibility of allowing commercial information service providers to use it, and the library records that the word Internet appears nowhere in the Act. It is cited by Wikipedia High Performance Computing Act of 1991: Disagreements | Network, Not Protocol, Disagreement 95, at 0.2, 1.2, 1.4, 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3.

1.14 L-028. CERN's statement concerning the release of the CERN W3 software into the public domain is dated Geneva, 30 April 1993, and it is signed by W. Hoogland, Director of Research of CERN, and H. Weber, Director of Administration of CERN, and a certified-copy stamp on its second page is dated 03-05-93. The document is preserved on marknichols.com at https://marknichols.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/11/cern-w3-public-domain-statement-1993-04-30-page-1.jpg and https://marknichols.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/11/cern-w3-public-domain-statement-1993-04-30-page-2.jpg, from CERN Document Server record 1164399 at https://cds.cern.ch/record/1164399/, and the library read both pages in full on November 14, 2026. The record reads it as CERN's release into the public domain of the W3 basic (“line-mode”) client, the W3 basic server and the W3 library of common code, and the library records that Tim Berners-Lee is named nowhere in its two pages. It is cited by What the Internet Is, and What It Is Not | Network, Not Protocol, at 4.2 and 4.3; and W3C Tim Berners-Lee Biography: Disagreements | Network, Not Protocol, Disagreement 80, at 1.8.

1.15 L-013. The application of the Internet Society on IRS Form 1023 was signed by Vinton G. Cerf on February 20, 1994, and its field 5 gives December 11, 1992 as the date incorporated or formed. The document is published at https://www.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Form_1023_IRS.pdf#page=1. The record carries the application from the first build of Disagreement 16, and the library has not read it again. It is cited by ACM Turing Award Vinton G. Cerf: Disagreements | Network, Not Protocol, Disagreement 16, at 8.3.

1.16 L-014. RFC 2684, “Multiprotocol Encapsulation over ATM Adaptation Layer 5”, by Dan Grossman of Motorola, Inc. and Juha Heinanen of Telia Finland, is dated September 1999. The document is published at https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2684.html. The record checked the authors and the date of RFC 2684 in its heading and its list of authors' addresses on November 14, 2026, and carries its content from the first build of Disagreement 16. It is cited by ACM Turing Award Vinton G. Cerf: Disagreements | Network, Not Protocol, Disagreement 16, at 11.4.

1.17 L-030. The statement “Al Gore and the Internet”, by Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf, marked Version 1.2, was sent by Vinton G. Cerf on September 29, 2000, addressed in its header to “Declan McCullaugh” and to farber@cis.upenn.edu with a copy to rkahn@cnri.reston.va.us, and was distributed on the nettime list on September 30, 2000. The document is preserved in the archive of the nettime list at https://nettime.org/Lists-Archives/nettime-l-0009/msg00311.html, and the library read it in full on November 14, 2026. The record reads it as the two men’s statement that “No one person or even small group of persons exclusively "invented" the Internet” and that “the Internet, as we know it today, was not deployed until 1983”, and as their credit to Al Gore for the National Research and Education Network and for political support of the privatization of the Internet. It is cited by Wikipedia High Performance Computing Act of 1991: Disagreements | Network, Not Protocol, Disagreement 95, at 0.2, 1.3 and 4.4.

1.18 L-015. The Vita of Vinton Gray Cerf is dated 1-23-2001 and is printed with the testimony that Vinton G. Cerf, Chairman of ICANN, gave on February 8, 2001 before the House Committee on Energy and Commerce, Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet. The document is published at https://www.icann.org/en/correspondence/documents/testimony-of-vint-cerf-before-us-house-committee-on-energy-and-commerce-08-02-2001-en. The record read the Vita on November 14, 2026 from its heading through its section Public Service, without its list of publications and without the testimony that precedes it. It is cited by ACM Turing Award Vinton G. Cerf: Disagreements | Network, Not Protocol, Disagreement 16, at 5.0, 6.0 and 7.0.

1.19 L-016. The oral history of Robert Kahn, interview #432, was conducted by Michael Geselowitz of the IEEE History Center at the Corporation for National Research Initiatives in Reston, Virginia, on February 17, 2004, and is published by the Engineering and Technology History Wiki with an introduction whose author is unknown. The document is published at https://ethw.org/Oral-History:Robert_Kahn. Mark Nichols supplied the full text of the page on November 13, 2026, and the record read all 666 lines. It is cited by ETHW Robert Kahn Oral History: Disagreements | Network, Not Protocol, Disagreement 91; ACM Turing Award Robert E. Kahn: Disagreements | Network, Not Protocol, Disagreement 92, at 2.0, 3.0 and 7.3; Ask the White House Cerf and Kahn 2005: Disagreements | Network, Not Protocol, Disagreement 93, at 2.3; ACM Turing Award Vinton G. Cerf: Disagreements | Network, Not Protocol, Disagreement 16, at 1.2, 2.2 and 3.2; and Internet Society Brief History of the Internet: Disagreements | Network, Not Protocol, Disagreement 6, at 11.7.

1.20 L-017. The announcement of the Association for Computing Machinery of the A.M. Turing Award for 2004 to Vinton G. Cerf and Robert E. Kahn is dated February 16, 2005 and is preserved by ICANN. The document is published at https://www.icann.org/fr/announcements/details/icann-chairman-of-the-board-wins-prestigious-turing-award-16-2-2005-en. The record carries the announcement from the first build of Disagreement 16, and the library has not read it again. It is cited by ACM Turing Award Vinton G. Cerf: Disagreements | Network, Not Protocol, Disagreement 16, at 11.1.

1.21 L-018. The page “Dr. Vinton Cerf and Dr. Robert Kahn host Ask the White House (Text Only)” on the archived site of the White House of George W. Bush is dated November 9, 2005 and carries the answers of Vinton G. Cerf and Robert E. Kahn on the day they received the Presidential Medal of Freedom. The document is published at https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/ask/text/20051109-2.html. Mark Nichols supplied the text on November 13, 2026, the record read it in full, and the record compared it with the live page on November 14, 2026, line for line. It is cited by Ask the White House Cerf and Kahn 2005: Disagreements | Network, Not Protocol, Disagreement 93; ACM Turing Award Robert E. Kahn: Disagreements | Network, Not Protocol, Disagreement 92, at 3.2; ACM Turing Award Vinton G. Cerf: Disagreements | Network, Not Protocol, Disagreement 16, at 3.2; and Internet Society Brief History of the Internet: Disagreements | Network, Not Protocol, Disagreement 6, at 11.10.

1.22 L-019. The biography “Robert E. Kahn” published by the Corporation for National Research Initiatives is dated August 1, 2018. The document is published at https://www.cnri.reston.va.us/bios/kahn.html. The record read the biography in full on November 14, 2026. It is cited by ACM Turing Award Vinton G. Cerf: Disagreements | Network, Not Protocol, Disagreement 16, at 6.0 and 7.0.

1.23 L-020. The publication of the National Academy of Engineering of October 4, 2020 lists Vinton G. Cerf among the members of the Academy on printed page 20. The document is published at https://www.nae.edu/File.aspx?id=242775&v=ae1cd0d2#page=20. The record carries the listing from the first build of Disagreement 16, and the library has not read it again. It is cited by ACM Turing Award Vinton G. Cerf: Disagreements | Network, Not Protocol, Disagreement 16, at 7.2.

2.0 The undated web pages of the library are listed in the order in which the record read them.

2.1 L-021. The profile “Robert E Kahn - A.M. Turing Award Laureate” of the Association for Computing Machinery carries a biography signed by Janet Abbate and no date of publication or revision. The document is published at https://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/kahn_4598637.cfm. The record read the biography view of the profile in full on November 13, 2026. It is cited by ACM Turing Award Robert E. Kahn: Disagreements | Network, Not Protocol, Disagreement 92.

2.2 L-022. The profile “Vinton Cerf - A.M. Turing Award Laureate” of the Association for Computing Machinery carries a biography signed by Janet Abbate and no date of publication or revision. The document is published at https://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/cerf_1083211.cfm. The record read the biography view of the profile in full on November 14, 2026. It is cited by ACM Turing Award Vinton G. Cerf: Disagreements | Network, Not Protocol, Disagreement 16.

2.3 L-023. The profile of Robert Kahn published by the Computer History Museum carries no date on this record. The document is published at https://computerhistory.org/profile/robert-kahn/. Mark Nichols supplied the text of the profile on November 13, 2026, and the record read it in full. It is cited by Computer History Museum Robert Kahn: Disagreements | Network, Not Protocol, Disagreement 90; and ETHW Robert Kahn Oral History: Disagreements | Network, Not Protocol, Disagreement 91, at 5.2.

2.4 L-024. The profile “Robert Kahn, Award Recipient” published by the IEEE Computer Society carries no date on this record. The document is published at https://www.computer.org/profiles/robert-kahn. Mark Nichols supplied the text of the profile, and the record read it in full. It is cited by ETHW Robert Kahn Oral History: Disagreements | Network, Not Protocol, Disagreement 91, at 1.2 and 5.2.

2.5 L-025. The page “Our History” of the Internet Society records the founding announcement of June 20, 1991 “based on a document signed by Vint Cerf, Bob Kahn, and Lyman Chapin” and the “Official formation” of January 1, 1992, and carries no date of its own. The document is published at https://www.internetsociety.org/history/. The record read the entries for 1991 through 1999 in full on November 14, 2026. It is cited by ACM Turing Award Vinton G. Cerf: Disagreements | Network, Not Protocol, Disagreement 16, at 8.0 and 11.5.

2.6 L-026. The profile of Vinton G. Cerf published by the National Academy of Sciences carries no date on this record. The document is published at https://www.nasonline.org/directory-entry/vinton-g-cerf-mv77ho/. The record carries the profile from the first build of Disagreement 16, and the library has not read it again. It is cited by ACM Turing Award Vinton G. Cerf: Disagreements | Network, Not Protocol, Disagreement 16, at 7.2.

2.7 L-027. The operating figure of SRI reproduced in the account of Don Nielson traces communication across PRNET, ARPANET and SATNET, and the date of the account is not on this record. The document is published at https://www.csl.sri.com/users/rushby/history/first-internet.pdf#page=2. The record carries the figure from the first build of Disagreement 16, and the library has not read it again. It is cited by ACM Turing Award Vinton G. Cerf: Disagreements | Network, Not Protocol, Disagreement 16, at 2.3.

3.0 The library is open, it grows as the pages of marknichols.com are built and rebuilt, and its entries are open to challenge on the terms stated at F40.

3.1 Each page of marknichols.com that is built or rebuilt adds the documents it cites to this library, and each entry adds the pages that cite it.

3.2 The entries on this page are open to challenge on the terms stated at F40 of The Governing Definitions and Controlling Facts of Telecommunications Internetworking. A challenger who holds that an entry is wrong states the correction in one sentence, names the document that carries it and the document's date, and submits both as F40 directs. A challenge submitted with its document is answered on this page, and a challenge submitted without a document is an opinion and is heard as one.